The body of Christ is the temple. John 2:13-22
INTRODUCTION
The Temple of Jerusalem was the only place where the Israelites were allowed to offer sacrifices to God. The Temple authorities contaminated that holy dwelling place of God by allowing unjust business related to temple service. The Court of Gentiles became unsuitable for prayers and the pilgrims were exploited through the sales of sacrificial animals and money exchange. Just like cleaning of leaven before Passover from the Jewish houses, Jesus cleaned the House of God by expelling the corrupted merchants and their merchandise. When Jews questioned him, Jesus predicted his resurrection as a sign of his authority over his Father’s house. “We are the temple of the living God.” (2 Cor. 6:16). Let us try to keep our lives holy dwelling place for God.
BIBLE TEXT
Cleansing of the Temple.
INTERPRETATION
(13) Since the Passover of the Jews was near, Jesus went up to Jerusalem.
Passover, one of the three Pilgrim Festivals,
was a commemoration of the liberation of Israelites by God from Egypt
and their formation as an independent nation under the protection of
God and leadership of Moses. The feast was celebrated on 15th of the
Hebrew month of Nisan and lasted for a week. (Leviticus 23: 4-14,
Deuteronomy 16:1-8). Once the temple was established in Jerusalem, the
feast was permanently celebrated there. Every adult Jew living within 15
miles around Jerusalem had to attend Passover in the Temple. However,
all Jews, regardless of how far away they lived, tried to make
pilgrimage to the Temple during this main feast.
Jesus had attended the Temple several times.
His mother Mary and foster father Joseph had presented him in the Temple
when he was young. (Luke 2:22-38). Another visit of Jesus in the Temple
with his parents was when he was twelve years old. (Luke 2:41-52). Jesus
might have attended the feast of Passover and other feasts in the Temple
several times during the thirty years of his private life that the
evangelists have not documented because they were not significant or
relevant for the readers. During the three years of his public ministry
he celebrated three Passovers in Jerusalem. (John 2:13, 6:4, and 11:55).
(14) He found in the temple area those who sold oxen, sheep, and doves, as well as the money-changers seated there.
The Temple of Jerusalem consisted of four
courts: the Court of the Priests, the Court of Israel, the Court of the
Women, and the Court of the Gentiles. The outer court of the gentiles
was the only space in the Temple where gentiles could enter and pray.
They were forbidden to go in any of the inner courts and anyone
violating it was put to death. (Acts 21:27-32). All kinds of business
and exploitation related to temple worship and offerings were taking
place in the Court of Gentiles. So, that place of worship was made unfit
for the intended purpose. Formerly the money exchange and sales of
animals for sacrifice were taking place on the Mount of Olives. Later
the merchants bribed the temple authorities and shifted their business
to the Court of Gentiles making it unholy, noisy, and unjust.
Sold oxen, sheep, and doves.
Money changers
(15) He made a whip out of cords and drove them all out of the temple area, with the sheep and oxen, and spilled the coins of the money-changers and overturned their tables,
If the business at the Temple was a needed service
for the pilgrims, why Jesus became furious and physically attacked the
merchants, drove out the animals, spilled the coins, and overturned the
tables? There were several reasons for the action.
1. Jesus was not happy that the business and money
exchange that was once done on the Mount of Olives was shifted to the
Court of Gentiles. He might have noticed the change happening during the
past years and was waiting to act during his public ministry. The Court
of Gentiles, once a place of worship, became a crowded and noisy
marketplace with merchandise, sellers and buyers. That was defiling the
Temple by denying worship of the Gentiles and dishonoring the House of
God. By this act, Jesus was also showing that the Gentiles will have
their rights honored in his kingdom.
2. Only unblemished or perfect animals and birds
were allowed for sacrifice in the Temple. The priests had appointed
inspectors to examine the sacrificial animals and birds. If the animals
were brought from outside, there was every possibility that they were
rejected for minor reasons. It was part of a deal between the priests
and merchants in the temple to exploit the pilgrims by charging an
unjust price for the animals and birds sold in the Temple. Jesus was
revolting against this religious exploitation.
3. Though money exchange was supposed to be a
service, great exploitation of the pilgrims was taking place by charging
an enormous amount as exchange fee. Jesus could not tolerate that
exploitation.
So, the true spirit of prayer and selfless service
was lacking that made Jesus furious and act as a revolutionary. It has
been a Jewish custom that the woman of the family would do a general
cleansing of the house and remove any leaven on the eve of Passover. At
the end, the head of the family used to inspect and carefully remove any
last particle of leaven left unnoticed in the house. Similarly, Jesus
was cleansing the Temple which was his Father's house.
Since animals were sold in the Court of Gentiles, it was easy for Jesus to find ropes there. Collecting several cords, he could easily make a whip. He drove the animals and merchants from the temple area. This was a single person revolution. The unexpected action, the popularity of Jesus as a prophet, his fame as a miracle worker, the intensity of his face expression, and the self-awareness of the merchants that they were doing wrong, might have made the merchants not to physically counter attack Jesus right there.
(16) and to those who sold doves he said, “Take these out of here, and stop making my Father’s house a marketplace.”
Jesus was soft to doves and their merchants and
expressed the reasoning for his action. He did not want to make the
Temple a marketplace. Moreover, he also revealed that he is the Son of
God by expressing that the Temple was his Father’s house.
Jesus’ action was also a fulfillment of Malachi
3:1-2. “Now I am sending my messenger—he will prepare the way before me;
And the lord whom you seek will come suddenly to his temple; The
messenger of the covenant whom you desire—see, he is coming! says the
LORD of hosts. But who can endure the day of his coming? Who can stand
firm when he appears? For he will be like a refiner’s fire, like
fullers’ lye.” John the Baptist came as the messenger and Jesus came all
of a sudden to purify the Temple.
(17) His disciples recalled the words of scripture, “Zeal for your house will consume me.”
When the disciples witnessed the brave action of
Jesus in the Temple, they remembered Psalms 69:9 (10) written by King
David: “Because zeal for your house has consumed me, I am scorned by
those who scorn you.” David was expressing his passion for the house of
God that also became a prediction and fulfillment in the life of Jesus.
The house of God could mean the tabernacle or the
assembly of God. King David was very zealous for the house of God.
Though he ardently wished to build the Temple, God did not allow him to
do so during his reign. However, his zeal for the house of God was
expressed in many ways:
1. King David brought the tabernacle to Jerusalem
(2 Samuel 6:12-19) and during the transportation of the Ark, David was
jumping and dancing before the Lord (v.16).
2. David was passionate to build a permanent and
splendid dwelling for the ark of the covenant (2 Samuel 7:2, Psalm
132:2-5).
3. David carefully collected all materials needed
for building the Temple. (1 Chronicles 29:1-5)
4. Since God did not allow David to build the
Temple, he handed over all the building materials and the design to his
son and successor Solomon. (1 Chronicles 28:11-21).
King David spent his whole life to unify and build up the assembly of God that were scattered (2 Samuel 5:1-5) and he also designed and collected all the valuable materials needed to build the Temple of God. This zeal of David was reflected in the passionate actions of Jesus who also worked to unify all nations including the Israelites and the Gentiles to build up his new Temple of God, the Church. Though Jesus prepared everything needed for the new Israel, his church was inaugurated only after his life on earth on the day of Pentecost. In his attempt to purify Israel, Jesus did the dramatic action of cleansing the Temple of God by expelling the merchants and their merchandise to convey the need to rectify the evils in the then Judaism.
(18) At this the Jews answered and said to him, “What sign can you show us for doing this?”
The Jews were shocked by the radical act of
Jesus. Besides, he claimed that he was the son of God by describing the
Temple as his Father’s house. So, they asked for proof of his authority.
Just performing miracles that Jesus did, were not enough to prove the
authenticity of a prophet. (Deut. 13: 2-5).
John the Baptist had testified about Jesus to
the Pharisees and Sadducees who came to him for baptism: “Even now the
ax lies at the root of the trees. Therefore every tree that does not
bear good fruit will be cut down and thrown into the fire. … His
winnowing fan is in his hand. He will clear his threshing floor and
gather his wheat into his barn, but the chaff he will burn with
unquenchable fire.” (Matthew 3: 10-12). Jesus had shown this spirit of
fire in the cleansing of the Temple.
(19) Jesus answered and said to them, “Destroy this temple and in three days I will raise it up.”
The communication on the temple, its
destruction, and restoration had double meaning for Jesus and the Jews.
Though Jews took the temple in the physical sense, Jesus was talking
about himself as the Temple of God. Temple stands for the divine
presence of God among the people. In that sense, Jesus was the real
temple and far better than the Temple rebuilt by Herod the Great that
lacked the ark and the divine presence. The destruction of the Temple
for him was his crucifixion that was going to take place and he was sure
of his resurrection on the third day.
(20) The Jews said, “This temple has been under construction for forty-six years, and you will raise it up in three days?”
The Jews and even the disciples could not
grasp what Jesus meant when he said on the destruction and rebuilding of
the Temple in three days. Jews were taking in a physical sense on the
Temple reconstructed by King Herod the Great. The first Temple that King
Solomon built in 950 BC (1 Kings 6:1) was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar,
the king of Babylon in 586 BC. (2 Kings 24-25, 2 Chronicles 36). After
the Babylonian exile, the second Temple was built and dedicated in 515
BC. (Ezra 6:15-18). Zerubbabel, the governor of Judah built this Temple
with decree received from the then Persian King Darius. It was also
known as Zerubbabel’s Temple or the Second Temple.
The older Jews who could recollect the First
Temple were disappointed when the Second Temple was dedicated. The new
one was 90 feet less, with fewer resources, and was less majestic
compared to Solomon’s Temple. The most precious and holy items like the
Ark of the Covenant and God’s glorious presence or Shekinah were
missing.
King Herod the Great rebuilt the Second
Temple enlarging it and making it magnificent like that of Solomon’s
Temple. The construction of Temple started before the incarnation of
Jesus in 19 BC and continued even after his resurrection until AD
63 without interruption to the sacrifices. Though the main portion of
the Temple was completed before the death of King Herod the Great in 4
BC, the construction of the Temple continued. According to Jewish
historian Josephus, 10,000 skilled laborers were at work. Since laity
were not allowed to enter the holy places, 1,000 Levites, who were
specially trained as builders and masons, were involved in the work.
Wealthy Jews in diaspora contributed costly offering to beautify the
Temple.
Though major portion of the Temple was
completed when Jesus told the Jews on destroying and reconstructing the
Temple in three days, the construction was still going on. The phrase
Jesus used for “raise up” could mean either reconstructing a building or
raising from the dead.
(21) But he was speaking about the temple of his body.
Body is the dwelling place of the soul or
life of a person. When the soul departs, the body becomes useless and
gets decayed. Jesus is God, the Word incarnate. He took the form of a
human flesh (John 1:14). So, his body became the dwelling place or
temple of God. The Sanhedrin along with Pilate destroyed Jesus, the
temple of God through his crucifixion. That temple of God resurrected on
the third day as Jesus predicted. The disciples of Jesus realized the
true meaning of Jesus’ words on “raise it up” only after his
resurrection. The Evangelist John gives his interpretation on the
meaning of Jesus’ words here for his readers.
(22) Therefore, when he was raised from the dead, his disciples remembered that he had said this, and they came to believe the scripture and the word Jesus had spoken.
The disciples began to believe in the word
Jesus had spoken, refers to his prediction on his resurrection. He had
predicted his resurrection at other times also. When the Scribes and
Pharisees demanded a sign from Jesus he said: “An evil and unfaithful
generation seeks a sign, but no sign will be given it except the sign of
Jonah the prophet. Just as Jonah was in the belly of the whale three
days and three nights, so will the Son of Man be in the heart of the
earth three days and three nights.” (Matthew 12:39-40). While going to
Jerusalem he took his apostles aside and said: “Behold, we are going up
to Jerusalem, and the Son of Man will be handed over to the chief
priests and the scribes, and they will condemn him to death, and hand
him over to the Gentiles to be mocked and scourged and crucified, and he
will be raised on the third day.” (Matthew 20:18-19 & Luke 18:32-33).
However, the disciples did not take these serious until the resurrection
of Jesus.
Jewish leaders took these words of Jesus on
his resurrection serious. So, the leaders asked Pilate permission to
guard the tomb of Jesus so that the disciples would not remove his body
and claim resurrection. (Matthew 27:62-66). Since the disciples had no
clue on this, they did not wait at the tomb of Jesus. When they noticed
the empty tomb of Jesus and had seen Jesus with his celestial body after
resurrection, they remembered the words of Jesus on the destruction and
restoration of the Temple and associated them with his own resurrection.
The Evangelist John states that “they came to believe the scripture” which means the predictions on the resurrection of Jesus in the Old Testament. There are many such predictions in the Scripture. For example, Psalm 16:10 states: “For you will not abandon my soul to Sheol, nor let your devout one see the pit.” Peter referred to this in his speech on the Day of Pentecost (Acts 2:31) and Paul in his address in the synagogue (Acts 13:35-37). Other references to the same prediction are Psalm 30:4, 49:16 and 86:13. Hosea 6:2 says: “He will revive us after two days; on the third day he will raise us up, to live in his presence.” The disciples began to understand that the scripture came to its fulfillment in Jesus.
MESSAGE
1. Jesus used to attend the synagogue
services and temple sacrifices on a regular basis. When he was a child,
Joseph and Mary used to take him to the Temple, though the Holy Family
was living in Nazareth far away from Jerusalem. Do we make sure that we
and our children attend the religious services on a regular basis?
2. Jesus acted with anger when he found that
the Temple of Jerusalem was made unholy, noisy, and unjust by the
merchants with the support of the temple authorities. Are we keeping our
church holy and fitting for worship?
3. Even after proving Jesus’ authority by his
resurrection on the third day, his enemies did not believe in him but
continued expelling Christians from synagogues and persecuting them. Our
faith shall not be based just on reasoning and proof alone, but on close
encounter of Jesus by listening to his words and imitating his actions.
4. As St. Paul taught: “We are the temple of
the living God.” (2 Cor. 6:16). Let us try to keep our lives holy
dwelling place for God.
5. There are many people, who once made their
life holy through baptism and other sacraments, making the dwelling
place of the Holy Spirit unholy by sinful life or ignoring God. Let us
pray for them.
6. Many in the world have not yet heard of Jesus or are not convinced that they can become “the temple of the living God.” Let for pray for our missionaries and for the success of evangelization.